Pooideae (Poaceae) in Australia

C.M. Weiller, M.J. Henwood, J. Lenz and L. Watson

Character List

#1. <Reference to place of valid publication for the current name>/

#2. <Synonym and type information>/

#3. Illustrated in:/

#4. <Plants - longevity>/

1. annual <without remains of old sheaths and culms>/

2. perennial <with remains of old sheaths and/or culms>/

`Annual': plants progressing from germination to seed production and perishing, within that period.

`Perennial': a plant which persists and continues growth for several to many years. Detectable in herbaceous grasses by the shrivelled remnants of old sheaths and culms.

#5. <Plants habit>/

1. erect <implicit>/

2. geniculate <= becoming erect>/

3. decumbent/

4. ascending/

5. clambering/

#6. <Plants - proliferation>/

1. <conspicuously long> rhizomatous/

2. <conspicuously long> stoloniferous/

3. caespitose <not long rhizomatous nor long stoloniferous>/

#7. Rhizomes <texture>/

1. wiry/

2. fleshy <implicit>/

#8. Basal culm internodes <whether swollen ("tuberous") at base>/

1. swollen/

2. not swollen <implicit>/

#9. Leaves <whether mainly basal, or mainly on the culms>/

1. mostly basal/

2. scattered along the culms/

#10. <Mature> culms <maximum height>/

cm high/

'Culm': above ground stem that terminates in an inflorescence.

#11. Culms <whether branched above>/

1. branched above/

2. unbranched above/

#12. Culms <number of nodes (on the aerial part of the culm, below the inflorescence)>/

noded/

#13. <Aerial> mid-culm nodes <whether hairy or glabrous>/

1. hairy <= `indumented' sensu Hewson 1988>/

2. glabrous/

#14. Mid-culm nodes <whether visible>/

1. exposed/

2. hidden by the leaf sheaths/

#15. Mid-culm nodes <whether pigmented>/

1. pigmented/

2. not pigmented/

#16. Mid-culm nodes <whether constricted>/

1. swollen/

2. constricted/

#17. <Aerial> mid-culm internodes <below the flag leaf, whether solid or hollow>/

1. solid/

2. hollow/

#18. <Aerial> mid-culm internodes <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scaberulous/

3. scabrous/

4. puberulous/

5. pubescent/

6. pilose/

7. hispid/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "glabrous versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits hairs, select states 2-7.

#19. <Aerial> mid-culm internodes <shape>/

1. terete/

2. compressed/

3. angular/

#20. Young <vegetative> shoots <whether extra- or intravaginal>/

1. extravaginal <bursting through the bases of subtending sheaths>/

2. intravaginal <emerging from between subtending sheath and stem>/

#21. <Fresh> shoots <whether aromatic>/

1. aromatic <when crushed>/

2. not aromatic <when crushed - implicit>/

#22. Cataphylls <text description>/

#23. Leaves <whether auricles present or absent: see Clifford & Watson 1977, for definition>/

1. auriculate/

2. with vestigial auricles/

3. non-auriculate/

'Vestigial auricle': for example a ciliate margin at the leaf blade base.

#24. Auricles <position>/

1. on the leaf blade <implicit>/

2. on the sheath/

#25. Auricles <length>/

mm long/

#26. Auricles <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

#27. Basal leaf sheaths <whether swollen>/

1. swollen/

2. not swollen <implicit>/

'Sheath': the part of the grass leaf that is proximal to the ligule.

#28. Basal leaf sheaths <whether keeled in dried material>/

1. keeled <at least in part>/

2. not keeled/

#29. Basal leaf sheaths <shape in cross section>/

1. compressed <usually laterally>/

2. terete/

#30. Basal leaf sheaths <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. puberulous/

5. pubescent/

6. pilose/

7. hirsute/

#31. Basal leaf sheaths <colour>/

1. the same colour as the lamina <implicit>/

2. purple/

3. paler than the lamina <e.g. straw-coloured>/

4. red/

#32. Basal leaf sheaths with <prominence of abaxial venation>/

1. midrib <abaxially> prominent/

2. the veins equally striate/

#33. Basal leaf sheaths <whether with conspicuous transverse veins>/

1. with readily visible transverse veins <with transmitted light>/

2. without readily visible transverse veins <implicit>/

#34. Basal leaf sheaths margins <whether joined>/

1. connate/

2. free/

#35. Basal leaf sheaths <margins - extent of fusion>/

1. in lower 1/3/

2. in lower 1/2/

3. in lower 2/3s/

4. for their entire length/

5. toward the base/

#36. Basal leaf sheaths <margins - texture in free sheaths, if differing from dorsal portion>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

#37. Basal leaf sheaths <margins - texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. ciliolate/

3. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-3.

#38. <Adaxial> ligule <length at middle. Length of trichomes included for ciliolate ligules>/

mm long/

'Ligule': a membranous or hairy appendage or rim, crossing the adaxial surface of the leaf where the blade joins the sheath.

#39. <Adaxial> ligule <shape, whether laterally lobed>/

1. lobed/

2. not lobed/

The ligule may be distinctly lobed on one or both sides with a central depression.

#40. <Adaxial> ligule/

1. decurrent/

2. not decurrent/

#41. <Adaxial> ligule <texture>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. carnose <thick and somewhat fleshy>/

#42. <Adaxial> ligule <margin hairiness - avoid seedlings>/

1. smooth/

2. ciliolate/

3. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-3.

#43. <Adaxial> ligule <in situ (unflattened) shape of apex>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. obtuse/

4. truncate/

5. truncate with apicule/

#44. <Adaxial> ligule <margins, whether divided>/

1. entire/

2. erose/

3. lacerate/

4. laciniate/

5. dentate/

To simplify the use of this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all incision states, so you effectively reduce the character to "entire margin versus incised margin", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal incisions, select states 2-5.

#45. <Adaxial> ligule abaxially <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous <implicit>/

2. hairy/

#46. Collar <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pilose/

#47. Distinct callus at blade-sheath junction/

1. present/

2. absent/

Usually present as prominent, yellowish thickenings at the margins.

#48. Leaf blades joining the sheath/

1. gradually/

2. abruptly/

'Blade': the part of the grass leaf that is distal to the ligule.

#49. Leaf blades <form>/

1. flat/

2. folded/

3. involute/

4. revolute/

5. supervolute/

#50. <Basal culm> leaf blades <shape, given as length : mid-width ratio>/

1. subulate <awl-like>/

2. linear <= narrowly oblong (12:1)>/

3. narrowly <6:1-3:1> ovate/

4. narrowly <6:1-3:1> elliptic/

5. ovate <2:1-3:2, broadest below middle>/

6. elliptic <2:1-3:2, with sides curved equally from middle>/

7. acicular <stiff, needle-like>/

8. filiform <soft, thread-like>/

Shape is described for flattened leaves.

#51. <Basal> leaf blades <- "average" length of cauline leaves>/

mm long/

#52. <Basal> leaf blades <- "average" mid-width, in situ>/

mm wide/

#53. Leaf blades <rigidity>/

1. stiff <i.e. difficult to bend with fingers>/

2. not stiff <implicit>/

#54. Leaf blades <concolourous>/

1. concolourous <implicit>/

2. discolourous/

#55. Leaf blades adaxially <whether adaxially glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

6. hirsute/

#56. Leaf blades <whether adaxially ridged>/

1. channelled/

2. shallowly grooved/

3. not grooved/

#57. Leaf blades abaxially <whether abaxially glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. puberulous/

5. pubescent/

6. pilose/

7. hirsute/

#58. Leaf blades with <prominence of abaxial venation>/

1. midrib <abaxially> prominent/

2. the veins equally striate/

#59. Leaf blades margins <texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. scabrous/

3. ciliolate/

4. ciliate/

5. hirsute/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-5.

#60. Leaf blades apices <shape>/

1. acute <= "blunt pointed" sensu Hubbard 1979>/

2. acuminose <= "fine pointed" sensu Hubbard 1979>/

3. abruptly pointed <=mucronate>/

4. blunt and rounded/

The leaf apices are usually folded to some degree, particularly in leaves exhibiting apices described under states 3 and 4.

'Acute': tapering rather abruptly to a point.

'Acuminose': gradually tapering to a long fine point.

'Abruptly pointed': an expression used for apices that are folded, quite broad and terminating abruptly in a short, hard point.

'Blunt and rounded': similar to the above apex, but without a point.

These terms would benefit from the inclusion of images illustrating the character states, and will be incorporated in future updates.

#61. Leaf blades <apices, whether hooded (cucullate)>/

1. flat <not hooded> <implicit>/

2. hooded/

#62. Leaf blades <vernation in bud>/

1. convolute <rolled> in bud/

2. conduplicate <folded> in bud/

#63. Prophyll <length>/

mm long/

#64. Prophyll <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

#65. Plants <disposition and sexuality of spikelets>/

1. bisexual <with at least one bisexual spikelet>/

2. gynodioecious <e.g. Poa spp.>/

3. gynomonoecious/

4. andromonoecious <e.g. Anthoxanthum>/

5. monoecious <e.g. Holcus>/

6. dioecious <Poa arachnifera?>/

#66. Spikelets <whether heteromorphic>/

1. homomorphic <implicit>/

2. heteromorphic/

#67. <Heteromorphic> spikelets <on the same plant, sexuality>/

1. male and hermaphrodite/

2. female and hermaphrodite/

3. neuter and hermaphrodite/

4. male and female/

#68. Rudimentary spikelets <presence at base of inflorescence>/

1. <present> at the base of the inflorescence/

2. absent/

#69. Incomplete <female-sterile, `imperfect'> spikelets <presence>/

1. present/

2. absent/

#70. Hermaphrodite florets <emergence of stamens relative to stigmatic maturation>/

1. homogamous/

2. protandrous <e.g. Holcus>/

3. protogynous <e.g. Anthoxanthum>/

#71. Plants <whether self-compatible. Data extensively from Connor 1979>/

1. self compatible <implicit>/

2. self incompatible/

#72. <Whether apomixis observed. Data mainly from Connor 1979>/

1. apomictic/

2. reproducing sexually <implicit>/

#73. Inflorescence of <cleistogamous or chasmogamous spikelets. Derived partly from Connor 1979>/

1. cleistogamous spikelets/

2. chasmogamous spikelets/

#74. Cleistogamous spikelets <location>/

1. located in the leaf sheath/

2. on the exserted inflorescence <implicit>/

#75. Cleistogamous spikelets <with, number of florets. N.B. only if mixed cleistogamous and chasmogamous spikelets in the same inflorescence>/

floreted/

#76. Conspicuous vestigial foliar structure subtending the infloresence/

1. present/

2. absent <implicit>/

A leaf-like structure at the base of the rachis, usually restricted to panicles.

#77. Inflorescence <when exserted: overall form>/

1. a single spike/

2. a raceme/

3. a panicle/

Definitions of the inflorescence states follow Watson & Dallwitz (1985).

'Spike': inflorescence with all its spikelets sessile on an elongated, unbranched axis.

'Raceme': an inflorescence whose spikelets have their pedicels inserted directly on its main, undivided axis. The raceme may incorporate additional, sessile spikelets, usually towards the tip.

'Panicle': an inflorescence in which the spikelets (or aggregations of spikelets) are neither all sessile, nor all individually pedicelled directly onto the main axis. A term encompassing complex grass inflorescences of many shapes and forms.

#78. Inflorescence <colour>/

1. pallid/

2. green/

3. purple/

4. golden/

5. brown/

6. silvery/

#79. Inflorescence <position>/

1. erect/

2. nodding/

#80. Inflorescence <overall form. Mainly applied to panicles>/

1. open/

2. contracted <very compact, or narrow and spike-like>/

#81. Inflorescence <width, relevant mainly to contracted panicles>/

mm wide/

#82. Inflorescence <applies to spikes and racemes only>/

1. straight <implicit>/

2. curved <e.g. Parapholis incurva>/

#83. Inflorescence <outline. Relevant mainly to contracted inflorescences>/

1. oblong/

2. ovate/

3. elliptic/

4. interrupted <lobed>/

5. obovate <=club-shaped>/

6. globose/

#84. Inflorescence <whether one-sided>/

1. <more or less 3-dimensionally> symmetrical <about the rachis>/

2. one-sided <i.e. secund>/

#85. Inflorescence <position at maturity, relevant mainly to panicles>/

1. partially exserted <from the flag leaf>/

2. fully exserted <from the flag leaf>/

#86. Inflorescence <tumbleweeds>/

1. deciduous in its entirety/

2. not deciduous as a unit <implicit>/

#87. Main inflorescence axis <length. Taken from the last culm node to base of the terminal spikelet>/

mm long/

#88. Peduncles <length: taken from the last node to the first floral branch or spikelet (in racemes & spikes)>/

mm long/

#89. Peduncles <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

6. hirsute/

#90. Peduncles <surface markings>/

1. smooth/

2. ridged/

#91. Rachides <whether disarticulating>/

1. disarticulating as a unit/

2. persistent <implicit>/

3. disarticulating in segments/

#92. Rachides <whether shattering>/

1. shattering above the spikelets/

2. shattering below the spikelets/

3. do not shatter <implicit>/

#93. Rachides <length from first inflorescence node to the last>/

mm long/

#94. Rachides <form, of spikes and racemes>/

1. flexuous/

2. straight/

#95. Rachides <whether clearly (macroscopically) flattened or hollowed in T.S. Character described from above the first fertile spikelet>/

1. terete/

2. hollowed <e.g. Lolium, Hainardia>/

3. strap-like <i.e. flattened on both sides>/

4. subterete <i.e. flattened on one side>/

5. 3-cornered/

#96. Rachides <whether dorsally glabrous or hairy: of strap-like, subterete and 3-cornered rachides, record as the entire surface of terete rachides>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

6. hirsute/

#97. <Average number (range) of spikelets on a spicate or racemose rachis>/

spikelets on the rachis/

#98. Rachis angles <whether glabrous or hairy: applies mainly to strap-like and subterete rachides, may apply to strongly ridged terete rachides>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

#99. Pulvini <presence on the adaxial surface, at the base of primary branches>/

1. present/

2. absent/

#100. Primary inflorescence branches <of panicles, whether hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

6. hispid/

#101. Primary inflorescence branches <whether shattering>/

1. shatter above the nodes/

2. shatter below the nodes/

3. do not shatter <implicit>/

#102. Primary inflorescence branches <grouping>/

1. solitary/

2. paired/

3. clustered <in groups of three or more>/

#103. Primary inflorescence branches <whether branched near base>/

1. branching at the base <in the first mm and thus 2-nate>/

2. not branched at the base/

#104. Primary inflorescence branches <of panicles, whether branches divaricate>/

1. spreading <divaricating 10-90 degrees>/

2. divaricate/

3. reflexed <divaricating more than 90 degrees>/

4. appressed/

Position of the branches is coded at spikelet maturity, as inflorescence branches are often appressed to erect prior to this.

#105. Primary inflorescence branches <of panicles, whether branches fine>/

1. of conventional thickness <implicit>/

2. filiform <capillary e.g. Aira>/

#106. <Arrangement of> primary inflorescence branches <on the rachis of panicles>/

1. spiral/

2. opposite/

3. sub-verticillate <loosely clustered>/

4. verticillate/

5. distichous/

6. biseriate <2-ranked on one side>/

7. secund/

#107. Primary inflorescence branches <whether spikelets are inserted at the junction of first order inflorescence branches and the rachis of panicles>/

1. with spikelets inserted at the base/

2. without spikelets inserted at the base/

#108. Spikelets <number of spikelets inserted at the junction of first order inflorescence branches and the rachis of panicles>/

per node/

#109. <Average number (range) of> spikelets <on a typical basal, ultimate floral branch>/

on a typical ultimate inflorescence branch/

#110. <Arrangement of> spikelets <on the ultimate inflorescence branch of panicles>/

1. spiral/

2. decussate/

3. distichous/

4. secund/

5. biseriate <2-ranked on one side>/

#111. Spikelets on <maximum order of inflorescence elaboration of panicles>/

1. first order <inflorescence> branches/

2. second order <inflorescence> branches/

3. third order <inflorescence> branches/

4. fourth order <inflorescence> branches/

5. fifth order <inflorescence> branches/

#112. Spikelets <insertion on the rachides of spikes and racemes>/

1. scattered/

2. distichous/

3. decussate/

4. secund/

5. biseriate <2-ranked on 1 side>/

#113. Spikelets <position>/

1. erect/

2. pendulous/

#114. Spikelets <of spicate or racemose inflorescences, whether embedded in the rachis>/

1. embedded in the rachis <e.g. Hainardia>/

2. partially embedded in the rachis <e.g. Lolium>/

3. not embedded in the rachis <implicit>/

#115. Spikelets <grouping>/

1. solitary <implicit>/

2. grouped/

#116. Spikelets <number per group>/

per group/

#117. Spikelets <angle in relation to the inflorescence branch>/

1. spreading <divaricating 10-90 degrees>/

2. divaricate/

3. reflexed <divaricating more than 90 degrees>/

4. appressed/

#118. Subtending foliar structure <whether present at base of spikelets>/

1. present/

2. absent <implicit>/

#119. Incomplete spikelets <location>/

1. restricted to the base of the rachis/

2. restricted to the apex of the rachis/

3. at the base and apex of the rachis/

4. scattered throughout the inflorescence/

5. lateral <i.e. on either side of a central spikelet in a group of spikelets e.g. Hordeum spp.>/

'Incomplete spikelet': spikelets lacking a functional gynoecium (designated 'male'), lacking stamens ('female') or lacking both ('neuter' or 'sterile').

#120. Incomplete spikelets <sexuality>/

1. male/

2. female/

3. neuter/

#121. Incomplete spikelets <number of `incomplete' florets>/

floreted/

#122. Incomplete spikelets <whether pedicellate>/

1. sessile/

2. subsessile <length less than diameter>/

3. pedicellate <length greater than diameter>/

#123. Pedicels <of incomplete spikelets - length>/

mm long/

#124. Apical `incomplete' spikelets <whether differing from associated `hermaphrodite' spikelets>/

1. markedly different from `hermaphrodite' spikelets <i.e obviously modified>/

2. merely underdeveloped/

#125. <Comment on major differences between apical `incomplete' spikelets and `hermaphrodite' spikelets>/

#126. Basal `incomplete' spikelets <whether differing from associated `hermaphrodite' spikelets>/

1. markedly different from `hermaphrodite' spikelets <i.e. obviously modified>/

2. merely underdeveloped/

#127. Basal `incomplete' spikelets <extent of modification>/

1. reduced to a pair of empty glumes <e.g. Phalaris>/

2. reduced to single bracts along an inflorescence branch <e.g. Cynosurus>/

3. consist of a number of reduced incomplete florets/

#128. <Comment on major differences between basal `incomplete' spikelets and `hermaphrodite' spikelets>/

#129. Lateral spikelets <of grouped spikelets, length (excluding awns)>/

mm long/

#130. Lateral spikelets <of grouped spikelets, length relative to the central spikelet>/

times the central spikelet length/

#131. Glumes <of lateral spikelets of incomplete spikelets, whether similar>/

1. similar/

2. dissimilar/

#132. Lower glume <of lateral spikelets - form>/

1. bristle-like/

2. basipetally dilated/

#133. Lower glume margins <of lateral spikelets - texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. ciliolate/

5. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hair", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 3-5.

#134. Upper glume <of lateral spikelets - form>/

1. bristle-like/

2. asymmetrically basipetally winged/

3. basipetally dilated/

#135. Upper glume margins <of lateral spikelets - texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. scabrous/

3. ciliolate/

4. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 3-4.

#136. <Comment on major differences between central and lateral (incomplete) spikelets>/

#137. Incomplete florets <of `incomplete' spikelets: similarity to florets of `complete' spikelets>/

1. morphologically similar to hermaphrodite florets/

2. morphologically dissimilar to hermaphrodite florets/

#138. Lemma <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - shape of half lemma>/

1. narrowly oblong <= linear (12:1)>/

2. narrowly ovate <6:1-3:1>/

3. narrowly elliptic <tapering equally to each end>/

4. narrowly obovate/

5. oblong <2:1-3:2>/

6. ovate/

7. elliptic/

8. triangular/

#139. <Length of> lemma <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, excluding awn>/

mm long/

#140. <Width in situ, at widest point of half> lemmas <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets>/

mm wide/

#141. Lemma <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - texture when mature>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. cartilaginous <thickened, hardened but flexible, opaque>/

5. indurate <thickened, hardened and inflexible, opaque>/

#142. Lemma <apices of half lemma within `incomplete' spikelets - shape>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. rounded at the apex/

4. obtuse/

5. truncate/

#143. Lemma <apices of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, whether incised>/

1. entire/

2. emarginate/

3. erose/

4. bidentate/

5. bifid/

#144. Lemma <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - apical extension>/

1. muticous/

2. apiculate/

3. mucronate/

4. awned/

To simplify the use of this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all states describing an apical extension, so you effectively reduce the character to "organ with versus without an apical extension", i.e. if the organ has an apical extension, select states 2-4.

#145. Lemma margins <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. scabrous/

3. ciliolate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-3.

#146. Lemma <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - number of veins>/

-veined/

#147. Lemma veins dorsally <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, including keel: whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. pilose/

#148. Dorsal costal lemma hairs on <location in florets within `incomplete' spikelets>/

1. the midvein <or keel>/

2. the marginal veins <i.e. vein closest to each margin>/

3. the intermediate veins <i.e. the veins that lie between the midvein and the marginal veins>/

4. all veins/

#149. <Dorsal costal lemma hairs of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, distribution>/

1. extending the length of the veins/

2. only at the vein apices/

3. only at the vein base/

#150. Intercostal regions <of lemmas of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, whether dorsally glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. puberulous/

5. pilose/

6. cobwebbed/

#151. <Dorsal intercostal lemma hairs of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, distribution>/

1. <the hairs> over most of the dorsal surface/

2. <the hairs> only at the base/

3. <the hairs> only at the apex/

#152. Awn <of lemmas of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - number>/

#153. Awn <of lemmas of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - position>/

1. median <only>/

2. median and lateral/

#154. Median awn <of lemmas of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - relative length>/

1. much shorter than the body of the lemmas/

2. about as long as the body of the lemmas/

3. much longer than the body of the lemmas/

#155. Median awn <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - length relative to those of `hermaphrodite' spikelets (in situ) - relevant mainly to Hordeum spp.>/

1. shorter than awns of hermaphrodite florets/

2. approximately the same length as awns of hermaphrodite florets/

3. longer than awns of hermaphrodite florets/

#156. Median awn <of lemmas of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - length>/

mm long/

#157. Palea <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - texture relative to the lemma>/

1. thinner than the lemmas/

2. similar in texture to the lemmas/

#158. Palea <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, whether gaping: especially Aveneae>/

1. gaping/

2. tightly clasped by the lemmas/

#159. Palea <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - shape, dorsal view in situ>/

1. narrowly oblong <= linear, 12:1>/

2. narrowly ovate <6:1-3:1>/

3. narrowly elliptic/

4. narrowly obovate/

5. ovate <2:1-3:2>/

6. elliptic/

#160. Palea <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - length in situ>/

mm long/

#161. Palea <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - width in situ>/

mm wide/

#162. Palea <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - texture (excluding keels)>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. cartilaginous <thickened, hardened but flexible, opaque>/

5. indurate <thickened, hardened and inflexible, opaque>/

#163. Paleas <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, whether dorsally 2-keeled, or keel-less>/

1. medially longitudinally infolded/

2. 2-keeled <comment on extent if not for entire length, and degree>/

3. keel-less/

#164. Palea <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, shape of apex>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. obtuse/

4. truncate/

#165. Palea apex <of florets within 'incomplete' spikelets, whether incised>/

1. entire/

2. emarginate/

#166. Palea veins <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, whether dorsally glabrous or hairy, including wing>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pilose/

#167. Intercostal regions <of paleas of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, whether dorsally glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pilose/

#168. <Dorsal intercostal hairs of paleas of florets within `incomplete' spikelets, distribution>/

1. <the hairs> only at the base/

2. <the hairs> in the lower half/

3. <the hairs> over most of the surface <of the palea>/

4. <the hairs> only at the apex/

#169. Lodicules <presence in incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets>/

1. present <implicit>/

2. absent/

#170. Lodicules <of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets>/

1. similar to those of hermaphrodite florets/

2. dissimilar to those of hermaphrodite florets/

#171. Lodicules <of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets, apices>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. obtuse/

4. truncate/

#172. Lodicules <of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets, margin hairs>/

1. smooth/

2. ciliolate/

#173. Lodicules <of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets, type of margin irregularities>/

1. lobed/

2. toothed/

3. with entire margins <neither lobed nor toothed>/

#174. Lodicules divisions <of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets - position>/

1. lateral/

2. terminal/

#175. Lodicules <of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets, whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. ciliate/

3. pilose/

#176. The hairs <lodicule hairs of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets, density of cover>/

1. dense <= trichomes closer than long>/

2. sparse <= trichomes 1x to 5x their length apart>/

3. isolated <= trichomes more than 5x their length apart>/

#177. <Lodicule hairs of incomplete florets within incomplete spikelets, distribution>/

1. restricted to the apical half/

2. covering the entire length/

3. restricted to the basal half/

#178. Anthers <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - length relative to anthers of hermaphrodite florets>/

1. markedly shorter than those of hermaphrodite florets/

2. approximately equal to those of hermaphrodite florets/

3. markedly longer than those of hermaphrodite florets/

#179. Anthers <of florets within `incomplete' spikelets - length>/

mm long/

#180. Hermaphrodite spikelets <(at least one hermaphrodite floret present), whether pedicellate: spikes, racemes and panicles>/

1. sessile/

2. subsessile <length less than diameter>/

3. pedicellate <length greater than diameter>/

'Hermaphrodite spikelets': a spikelet containing at least one floret seeming to have a functional gynoecium and stamens, and assumed to be capable of producing fruit.

#181. Hermaphrodite spikelets <length (excluding apical projections)>/

mm long/

#182. Hermaphrodite spikelets <width at anthesis>/

mm wide/

#183. Hermaphrodite spikelets <plane of compression>/

1. laterally compressed/

2. ventrally compressed/

3. dorsally compressed/

4. dorsiventrally compressed/

5. not noticeably compressed/

#184. Hermaphrodite spikelets <plane shape of broadest orientation at anthesis>/

1. oblong/

2. ovate/

3. elliptic/

4. obovate/

5. cuneate/

#185. Hermaphrodite spikelets <whether disarticulating as whole spikelets>/

1. disarticulating as a separate unit/

2. not disarticulating as a separate unit/

#186. Hermaphrodite spikelets <position of disarticulation>/

1. disarticulating above the glumes/

2. disarticulating below the glumes/

#187. Pedicels <of hermaphrodite spikelets - length for lateral spikelets>/

mm long/

#188. Pedicels <of hermaphrodite spikelets, position>/

1. erect/

2. recurved/

#189. Pedicels <of hermaphrodite spikelets, size>/

1. thick/

2. slender/

#190. Pedicels <of hermaphrodite spikelets, hairiness>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. pubescent/

4. puberulous/

5. pilose/

6. hispid/

#191. Pedicels <of hermaphrodite spikelets, form>/

1. straight/

2. sinuous/

#192. Glumes <of hermaphrodite spikelets, number> <"glumes" are barren, with neither axillary spikelets nor florets>/

1. one per spikelet/

2. two per spikelet/

#193. Glumes <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether divergent>/

1. diverging from the spikelets <e.g. Australopyrum pectinatum>/

2. not diverging from the spikelets <implicit>/

#194. Glumes <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether free or joined>/

1. free <implicit>/

2. connate <at least basally>/

#195. Glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether ventricose>/

1. conspicuously ventricose <basally>/

2. not ventricose <implicit>/

#196. Glumes <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether markedly dissimilar in form, texture or size difference>/

1. <very> similar/

2. <very> dissimilar/

#197. Glumes <of hermaphrodite spikelets, relative length in situ>/

1. equal in length <in situ>/

2. subequal <in situ>/

3. <very> unequal in length <in situ>/

#198. Glumes <of sessile to sub-sessile hermaphrodite spikelets, position relative to rachis>/

1. dorsal to the rachis/

2. lateral to the rachis <spikelets borne flatwise, e.g. Pholiurus>/

3. dorsiventral to the rachis <spikelets orientated dorsiventrally to flatwise, e.g. Lolium>/

4. displaced <lateral to each other on the side away from the rachis e.g. Hordeum spp., Parapholis>/

#199. Glumes <length relative to the florets. Refers to the longer glume when the glumes are unequal, or to the solitary glumes>/

1. <much> shorter than the florets/

2. about equalling the florets/

3. exceeding the florets/

#200. Glumes <of hermaphrodite spikelets, size relative to the lemma>/

1. less than a third the length of the proximal lemma/

2. approximately half the proximal lemma in length/

3. slightly shorter than the proximal lemma/

4. equalling the proximal lemma/

5. longer than the proximal lemma/

#201. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <approximate ratio of upper glume length>/

1. minute, less than half the length of the upper glume/

2. c. 1/2 the length of the upper glume/

3. c. 3/4s the length of the upper glume/

4. c. 2/3s the length of the upper glume/

5. longer than the upper glume/

#202. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <shape in situ of half glume>/

1. subulate <awl-like>/

2. narrowly oblong <= linear (12:1)>/

3. narrowly ovate <6:1-3:1>/

4. narrowly elliptic/

5. narrowly obovate/

6. oblong/

7. ovate <2:1-3:2>/

8. elliptic/

9. triangular/

#203. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <length, excluding awn>/

mm long/

#204. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <width, in situ of half glume>/

mm wide/

#205. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <texture>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. carnose <thickened, fleshy, opaque>/

5. coriaceous/

6. cartilaginous <thickened, hardened but flexible, opaque>/

7. indurated <thickened, hardened and inflexible, opaque>/

#206. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <whether carinate>/

1. keeled <at least in part>/

2. dorsally rounded <not keeled>/

3. dorsally flattened/

#207. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <whether conspicuously winged on the keel>/

1. with a conspicuous keel-wing/

2. without a keel-wing <implicit>/

#208. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume apex <shape of half glume excluding mucro or awn>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. obtuse/

4. truncate/

5. subulate/

'subulate' is used in the sense of Stearn, to descibe the apex as gradually tapering to a point. N.B. the apex may still be terminated by a projection such as an awn or arista. e.g. the glume apices of Dichelachne crinita are described as subulate and aristate.

#209. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <apex - whether incised>/

1. entire/

2. emarginate/

3. erose/

4. bifid/

#210. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <apical extension>/

1. muticous/

2. apiculate/

3. mucronate/

4. awned/

5. aristate/

#211. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <base shape>/

1. base broadly cuneate <implicit>/

2. base cordate/

#212. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume margin <texture if differing from dorsal portion>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

#213. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume margin <texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. scabrous/

3. ciliolate/

4. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-4.

#214. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <number of conspicuous veins entering>/

veined/

#215. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume veins <prominence of veins, applies only to laterals when glume keeled>/

1. obscure <not raised>/

2. prominent/

#216. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume midvein <whether glabrous or hairy, include wings>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scaberulous/

4. scabrous/

5. puberulous/

6. pilose/

7. hirsute/

#217. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume intercostal regions <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scaberulous/

4. scabrous/

5. puberulous/

6. pubescent/

7. pilose/

8. hirsute/

9. villous/

#218. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume awn <length>/

mm long/

#219. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <awn - whether geniculate>/

1. geniculate/

2. not geniculate <implicit>/

#220. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <awn - column, whether twisted>/

1. twisted <at least the column>/

2. not twisted <implicit>/

#221. Lower <hermaphrodite> glume <awn - whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pilose/

#222. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <shape in situ of half glume>/

1. subulate <awl-like>/

2. narrowly oblong <linear (12:1)>/

3. narrowly ovate <6:1-3:1>/

4. narrowly elliptic/

5. narrowly obovate/

6. oblong/

7. ovate <2:1-3:2>/

8. elliptic/

9. triangular/

#223. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <length>/

mm long/

#224. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <width, in situ of half glume>/

mm wide/

#225. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <texture>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. carnose <thickened, fleshy, opaque>/

5. coriaceous/

6. cartilaginous <thickened, hardened but flexible, opaque>/

7. indurated <thickened, hardened and inflexible, opaque>/

#226. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <whether carinate>/

1. keeled <at least in part>/

2. dorsally rounded <not keeled>/

3. dorsally flattened/

#227. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <whether conspicuously winged on the median keel>/

1. with a conspicuous keel-wing/

2. without a keel-wing <implicit>/

#228. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume apex <shape of half glume excluding mucro or awn>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. obtuse/

4. truncate/

5. subulate/

#229. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <apex - whether incised>/

1. entire/

2. emarginate/

3. erose/

4. bifid/

#230. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <apical extension>/

1. muticous/

2. apiculate/

3. mucronate/

4. awned/

5. aristate/

#231. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <base shape>/

1. base broadly cuneate <implicit>/

2. base cordate/

#232. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume margin <texture if differing from dorsal portion>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

#233. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume margin <texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. ciliolate/

5. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 3-5.

#234. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <number of conspicuous veins entering>/

veined/

#235. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume veins <prominence, applies only to the laterals when glume keeled>/

1. obscure <not raised>/

2. prominent/

#236. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume midvein <whether glabrous or hairy (including wing)>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scaberulous/

4. scabrous/

5. puberulous/

6. pilose/

7. hirsute/

#237. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume intercostal regions <whether dorsally glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scaberulous/

4. scabrous/

5. puberulous/

6. pilose/

7. hirsute/

8. villous/

#238. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume awn <length>/

mm long/

#239. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <awn - whether geniculate>/

1. geniculate/

2. not geniculate <implicit>/

#240. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <awn column - whether twisted>/

1. twisted/

2. not twisted <implicit>/

#241. Upper <hermaphrodite> glume <awn - texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. scabrous/

3. pubescent/

4. pilose/

#242. Rudimentary <hermaphrodite> florets <i.e. perfect but underdeveloped florets; presence in hermaphrodite spikelets>/

1. distal to the hermaphrodite florets/

2. absent/

'Rudimentary (hermaphrodite) floret': an immature, undeveloped floret, usually seen as a small knob of tissue.

#243. Incomplete <`imperfect'> florets <presence in hermaphrodite spikelets>/

1. present/

2. absent/

'Incomplete floret': a female-sterile floret, lacking a functional gynoecium and therefore unable to produce fruit. The floret may be male-only or sterile (lacking stamens and gynoecium).

#244. Incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, position>/

1. proximal to the hermaphrodite florets/

2. distal to the hermaphrodite florets/

#245. Proximal incomplete florets <number of incomplete proximal florets per `hermaphrodite' spikelet>/

per <hermaphrodite> spikelet/

#246. Proximal incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether male or neuter>/

1. male/

2. neuter <comment on degree of reduction>/

#247. Proximal incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, specialisation>/

1. similar in morphology to hermaphrodite florets/

2. clearly specialised and modified in form/

#248. Proximal incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether awned>/

1. awned/

2. awnless/

#249. Proximal incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether paleate>/

1. paleate/

2. epaleate/

#250. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets - firmness, relative to the glumes>/

1. less firm than the glumes/

2. similar in texture to the glumes/

3. decidedly firmer than the glumes/

#251. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets, length relative to hermaphrodite lemma, in situ>/

1. shorter than the hermaphrodite lemma/

2. more or less equal to the hermaphrodite lemma/

3. clearly longer than the hermaphrodite lemma/

#252. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <relative length, in situ/<comment>/

1. equal in length/

2. unequal in length/

#253. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets, shape of half lemma>/

1. subulate/

2. narrowly oblong <= linear (12:1)>/

3. narrowly ovate <6:1-3:1>/

4. narrowly elliptic/

5. narrowly obovate/

6. oblong <2:1-3:2>/

7. ovate/

8. elliptic/

9. triangular/

#254. <Length (excluding awn) of proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets>/

mm long/

#255. <Width, in situ, of at widest point of half proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets>/

mm wide/

#256. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets - texture when mature>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. carnose <thickened, fleshy, opaque>/

5. cartilaginous <thickened, hardened but flexible, opaque>/

6. indurate <thickened, hardened and inflexible, opaque>/

#257. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets, presence of keels>/

1. keeled <at least in part>/

2. not keeled/

#258. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets> apices <shape in half lemma>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. rounded/

4. obtuse/

5. truncate/

#259. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether apices incised>/

1. entire/

2. emarginate/

3. erose/

4. bidentate/

5. bifid/

#260. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets, number of lobes>/

-lobed/

#261. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets, apical extension>/

1. muticous/

2. apiculate/

3. mucronate/

4. awned/

#262. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas margin <of hermaphrodite spikelets, margin texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. scabrous/

3. ciliolate/

4. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-4.

#263. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas <of hermaphrodite spikelets, number of veins entering the proximal lemma>/

veined/

#264. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas veins <of hermaphrodite spikelets, confluence of veins>/

1. confluent towards the apex/

2. not confluent apically/

#265. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas veins <of hermaphrodite spikelets, vein prominence. Applies only to laterals when lemma keeled>/

1. obscure <not raised>/

2. distinctly raised/

#266. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas veins <of hermaphrodite spikelets, presence of transverse veins (best seen on the ventral surface)>/

1. connected by obvious transverse veins <raised>/

2. connected by obscure transverse veins <not raised>/

3. not connected by transverse veins <implicit>/

#267. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas veins <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether dorsally glabrous or hairy (including keel)>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. pilose/

#268. <Proximal> incomplete lemmas veins with hairs on <location in hermaphrodite spikelets>/

1. the midvein <or keel>/

2. the marginal veins <i.e. veins closest to each margin>/

3. the intermediate veins <i.e. the veins that lie between the midvein and the marginal veins>/

4. all veins/

#269. <Dorsal costal proximal incomplete lemma hairs, distribution in hermaphrodite spikelets>/

1. for their entire length <of the veins>/

2. only at the vein apex/

3. only at the vein base/

#270. <Proximal> incomplete lemma intercostal regions <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether dorsally glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. puberulous/

5. pilose/

6. cobwebbed/

#271. The hairs <dorsal intercostal lemma hairs of proximal incomplete florets of hermaphrodite spikelets, distribution>/

1. over most of the dorsal surface/

2. only at the base/

3. only at the apex/

#272. <Proximal> incomplete lemma awns <of hermaphrodite spikelets, number>/

#273. <Proximal> incomplete lemma awns <of hermaphrodite spikelets, position>/

1. median <only>/

2. median and lateral/

#274. <Proximal> incomplete lemma median awn <of hermaphrodite spikelets, position>/

1. subapical/

2. dorsal/

#275. <Proximal> incomplete lemma median awn <of hermaphrodite spikelet, relative length>/

1. much shorter than the body of the lemmas/

2. about as long as the body of the lemmas/

3. much longer than the body of the lemmas/

#276. <Proximal> incomplete lemma median awn <of hermaphrodite spikelets, relative length, in situ. Relevant to Hierochloe and Anthoxanthum>/

1. approximately equal in length/

2. markedly unequal in length/

#277. <Proximal> incomplete lemma median awn <of hermaphrodite spikelets, length>/

mm long/

#278. Proximal male florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets> with <number of stamens>/

stamens/

#279. <Average number of hermaphrodite florets per hermaphrodite spikelet> hermaphrodite florets/

per <hermaphrodite> spikelet/

#280. Hermaphrodite floret <symmetry: relevant to Phalaris>/

1. symmetrical/

2. asymmetrical/

#281. Hermaphrodite floret at maturity <colour: relevant to Phalaris, Deyeuxia, Avena etc.>/

1. pallid/

2. brown/

3. grey-brown/

4. golden-brown/

5. bronze/

#282. Rachilla <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether disarticulating between the florets of spikelets with 2 or more fertile florets>/

1. disarticulating between the florets/

2. not disarticulating between the florets/

'Rachilla': the axis of the spikelet, bearing glumes and florets.

#283. Rachilla <of hermaphrodite spikelets> disarticulating <whether distal or proximal to the florets>/

1. directly below the florets/

2. directly above the florets/

#284. Rachilla <of hermaphrodite spikelets, form>/

1. flexuous <implicit>/

2. straight/

#285. Rachilla segments <length, between first and second lemmas>/

mm long/

#286. Rachilla <between florets of hermaphrodite spikelets, or above the single one, whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scabrous/

4. puberulous/

5. pubescent/

6. pilose/

7. villous/

8. hirsute/

9. silky/

#287. Rachilla <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether internodes elongated between the glumes>/

1. elongated between the glumes/

2. elongated between the upper glume and first floret/

3. elongated between upper incomplete floret and fertile floret/

4. elongated between all florets <except as in states 1 & 2>/

5. not obviously elongated between glumes or florets <implicit>/

#288. Rachilla <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether prolonged>/

1. apically prolonged <beyond the uppermost hermaphrodite floret>/

2. not apically prolonged/

#289. Rachilla prolongation <approximate length>/

mm long/

#290. Rachilla <prolongation whether naked>/

1. terminated by a rudimentary floret/

2. naked <i.e. not terminated by a rudimentary floret>/

3. terminated by an incomplete floret/

#291. <Occurrence of `vivipary'> rachilla <poorly recorded>/

1. becoming vegetative/

2. not becoming vegetative <implicit>/

#292. <Comment on the abundance and occurrence of proliferating spikelets i.e. production of vegetative shoots above the glumes, recorded rarely in Poa costiniana, P. hiemata, P. gunnii, Festuca rubra etc. see: Vickery 1970 (Poa) and Aiken et al. 1988 (Festuca)>/

#293. Callus <at base of hermaphrodite florets, presence/absence>/

1. present/

2. absent/

'Callus': hard, sometimes hairy base of the floret, immediately above its point of disarticulation. A callus may also be present at the base of a spikelet.

#294. Callus <whether blunt or pointed>/

1. pointed/

2. blunt/

#295. Callus <at the base of hermaphrodite florets, length>/

mm long/

#296. Callus <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

6. villous/

7. webbed/

8. hirsute/

9. silky/

#297. Callus hairs <length>/

mm long/

#298. <Hermaphrodite> lemma <firmness, relative to the glumes>/

1. less firm than the glumes/

2. similar in firmness to the glumes/

3. decidedly firmer than the glumes/

#299. <Hermaphrodite> lemma <plane of compression>/

1. dorsally compressed/

2. laterally compressed/

#300. <Hermaphrodite> lemma <shape in situ of half lemma>/

1. narrowly oblong <= linear (12:1)>/

2. narrowly ovate <6:1-3:1>/

3. narrowly elliptic/

4. narrowly obovate/

5. oblong <2:1-3:2>/

6. ovate/

7. elliptic/

8. triangular/

9. obovate/

#301. <Length of> lemma <of proximal hermaphrodite floret of hermaphrodite spikelets, excluding apical extensions>/

mm long/

#302. <In situ width at widest point of half> lemma <of proximal hermaphrodite floret of hermaphrodite spikelet>/

mm wide/

#303. <Hermaphrodite> lemma <texture when mature, wet>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. carnose/

5. coriaceous <leathery>/

6. cartilaginous <thickened, hardened but flexible, opaque>/

7. indurate <thickened, hardened and inflexible, opaque>/

#304. <Hermaphrodite> lemma <presence of keels>/

1. keeled <at least in part>/

2. not keeled/

#305. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma <apex shape, of half lemma>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. rounded/

4. obtuse/

5. truncate/

6. subulate/

#306. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma <apex incision>/

1. entire/

2. emarginate/

3. erose/

4. bidentate/

5. bifid/

6. dentate/

#307. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma <number of lobes, exclusive of mid-rib>/

-lobed/

#308. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma apex <texture, if differing from dorsal portion>/

1. hyaline/

2. membranous/

#309. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma <degree of mid-rib extension>/

1. muticous/

2. apiculate/

3. mucronate/

4. awned/

5. aristate/

'Awn': a continuation of the costa, sometimes separating from the lamina below the apex. An awn is regarded here as a bristle or stiff hair-like structure 1 mm or more long, projecting from the glume, lemma or rarely the palea.

#310. <Hermaphrodite> lemma base <shape>/

1. broadly cuneate <implicit>/

2. cordate <e.g. Briza>/

#311. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemmas <margins, whether connate>/

1. free <implicit>/

2. connate/

#312. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma <margins, texture if different to dorsal surface>/

1. hyaline/

2. membranous/

#313. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma margins <texture/indumentum>/

1. smooth/

2. scabrous/

3. ciliolate/

4. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-4.

#314. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma <number of veins entering the proximal lemma>/

veined/

#315. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma veins <confluence>/

1. confluent <i.e. merging> towards the apex/

2. not confluent apically/

#316. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma veins <prominence, applies only to laterals when lemma keeled>/

1. obscure <not raised>/

2. prominent/

#317. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma veins <prominence of laterals and marginals>/

1. the laterals raised/

2. the marginals raised/

#318. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma veins <presence of transverse veins (best seen on the ventral surface)>/

1. connected by obvious transverse veins <raised>/

2. connected by obscure transverse veins <not raised>/

3. not connected by transverse veins <implicit>/

#319. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma veins <whether dorsally glabrous or hairy, including keel>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scaberulous/

4. scabrous/

5. puberulous/

6. pubescent/

7. pilose/

8. villous/

9. hirsute/

10. silky/

#320. The <location of> hairs on <the dorsal proximal hermaphrodite lemma veins>/

1. the midvein <or keel>/

2. the intermediate veins <i.e. the veins that lie between the midvein and the marginal veins>/

3. the marginal veins <i.e. the vein closest to each margin>/

4. all the veins/

#321. <Dorsal proximal hermaphrodite lemma vein hairs - distribution>/

1. extending the length of the veins/

2. only at the vein apex/

3. only at the vein base/

#322. <Proximal hermaphrodite> lemma intercostal regions <whether dorsally glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scaberulous/

4. scabrous/

5. puberulous/

6. pilose/

7. cobwebbed/

8. villous/

9. hirsute/

10. silky/

#323. The hairs <dorsal intercostal hermaphrodite lemma hairs, distribution>/

1. over the entire dorsal surface/

2. only at the base/

3. only at the apex/

#324. Awns <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, number>/

#325. Awns <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, position>/

1. median <only>/

2. median and lateral/

#326. Median awn <of the proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, relative length>/

1. <much> shorter than the body of the lemmas/

2. about as long as the body of the lemmas/

3. much longer than the body of the lemmas/

#327. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, length (if >1mm)>/

mm long/

#328. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas - number of veins entering>/

veined/

#329. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, whether different from the laterals in form>/

1. similar to the lateral awns/

2. different in form from the lateral awns/

#330. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, whether persistent>/

1. caducous <e.g. Deyeuxia & Polypogon>/

2. persistent <implicit>/

#331. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, shape at base>/

1. basally flattened/

2. terete/

#332. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, position>/

1. apical <implicit>/

2. subapical <just below the apex>/

3. arising from the sinus/

4. dorsal/

#333. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, insertion below tip>/

mm below tip/

#334. Median awn <of proximal dorsally awned hermaphrodite lemmas> arising <origin>/

1. from the upper half of the lemma/

2. from the mid-point of the lemma/

3. from the lower half of the lemma/

#335. Median awn <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, whether straight, curved or geniculate at maturity when dry>/

1. straight/

2. curved/

3. geniculate/

#336. Median awn column <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, whether twisted at maturity>/

1. twisted/

2. not twisted <implicit>/

#337. Median awn <of the proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, hairiness>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. hispid/

#338. Lateral awns <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, relative length>/

1. shorter than the median awn/

2. about equalling the median awn/

3. exceeding the median awn/

#339. Lateral awns <of proximal hermaphrodite lemmas, length (if >1mm)>/

mm long/

#340. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <presence/development>/

1. fully developed/

2. vestigial/

3. absent/

#341. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <length relative to lemma>/

1. minute <less than half the length of the lemmas>/

2. 1/2 the length of the lemmas/

3. 2/3s the length of the lemma/

4. slightly shorter than the lemmas/

5. equalling the lemmas/

6. shortly exceeding the lemmas/

#342. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <texture relative to the lemma>/

1. thinner than the lemmas/

2. similar in texture to the lemmas/

#343. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <whether gaping: especially Aveneae>/

1. gaping/

2. tightly clasped by the lemmas <may be enclosed>/

#344. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <shape in situ of region between the keels>/

1. narrowly oblong <= linear, 12:1>/

2. narrowly ovate <6:1-3:1>/

3. narrowly elliptic/

4. narrowly obovate/

5. ovate <2:1-3:2>/

6. elliptic/

7. oblong/

8. oblanceolate/

#345. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <length>/

mm long/

#346. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <width in situ of region between the keels>/

mm wide/

#347. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <excluding keels, texture>/

1. hyaline <thin, transparent>/

2. membranous <thin, translucent>/

3. chartaceous <papery, opaque>/

4. coriaceous <leathery>/

5. cartilaginous <thickened, hardened but flexible, opaque>/

6. indurate <thickened, hardened and inflexible, opaque>/

#348. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <whether dorsally 2-keeled, infolded or keel-less>/

1. medially longitudinally infolded <e.g. Hordeum spp.>/

2. 2-keeled <at least in part>/

3. keeled <at least in part>/

4. keel-less/

#349. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea keels <whether keels winged>/

1. winged/

2. wingless/

#350. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <shape of apex, dorsal view in situ>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. obtuse/

4. truncate/

#351. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <whether apices incised>/

1. entire/

2. erose/

3. apically notched <=emarginate>/

4. bifid/

5. bidentate/

6. laciniate/

To simplify the use of this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all incision states, so you effectively reduce the character to "entire margin versus incised margin," i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal incisions, select states 2-7.

#352. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <whether awned>/

1. with apical setae/

2. without apical setae <implicit>/

#353. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea margin <hairiness>/

1. smooth/

2. ciliolate/

3. ciliate/

To avoid uncertainty as to the appropriate 'hairy' state to enter when using this character in the initial stages of an identification, group all the hairy states, so you effectively reduce the character to "smooth versus hairy", i.e. if the organ exhibits marginal hairs, select states 2-3.

#354. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea <vein number>/

veined/

#355. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea veins <whether dorsally glabrous or hairy, including wing>/

1. glabrous/

2. scaberulous/

3. scabrous/

4. puberulous/

5. pilose/

6. ciliolate/

7. ciliate/

#356. <Proximal hermaphrodite> palea intercostal regions <excluding keels, whether dorsally glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. papillose/

3. scaberulous/

4. scabrous/

5. puberulous/

6. pilose/

7. hispid/

#357. Lodicules <presence in hermaphrodite florets>/

1. present <implicit>/

2. absent/

#358. Lodicules <number in hermaphrodite floret>/

#359. Lodicules <of hermaphrodite florets, whether anterior pair joined>/

1. free/

2. joined <at least basally>/

#360. Lodicules <of hermaphrodite florets, texture>/

1. fleshy/

2. hyaline/

#361. Lodicules <shape>/

1. subulate/

2. ovate/

3. cuneate/

4. oblong/

5. elliptic/

6. obovate/

7. triangular/

#362. Lodicules <of hermaphrodite florets, apex shape of main division>/

1. acuminate/

2. acute/

3. obtuse/

4. truncate/

#363. Lodicules <of hermaphrodite florets, margin hairiness>/

1. smooth/

2. ciliolate/

#364. Lodicules <of hermaphrodite florets, type of margin divisions>/

1. lobed/

2. toothed/

3. with entire margins <neither lobed nor toothed>/

#365. Lodicule margin divisions <position in hermaphrodite florets>/

1. lateral/

2. terminal/

#366. Lodicules <of hermaphrodite florets, whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. pubescent/

3. pilose/

4. ciliate/

#367. The hairs <lodicule hairs, density of cover>/

1. dense <= trichomes closer than long>/

2. sparse <= trichomes 1x to 5x their length apart>/

3. isolated <= trichomes more than 5x their length apart>/

#368. Stamens <number per hermaphrodite floret>/

#369. Filaments <of hermaphrodite florets, length>/

mm long/

#370. Anthers <of hermaphrodite florets, length>/

mm long/

#371. Anthers <colour>/

1. white/

2. yellow/

3. purple/

#372. Anthers <of hermaphrodite florets - whether strongly basally lobed>/

1. entire or shortly basally 2-lobed/

2. <strongly> basally 2-lobed <e.g. Hordeum leporinum>/

#373. Anthers <of hermaphrodite florets, whether connective basally prolonged>/

1. with a basally prolonged connective <e.g. Bromus uniloides>/

2. without a basally prolonged connective <implicit>/

#374. Cleistogamous anthers/

mm long/

#375. Ovary <of hermaphrodite florets, shape>/

1. oblong/

2. elliptic/

3. obovoid/

4. turbinate/

5. pyriform/

#376. Ovary <of hermaphrodite florets, whether with a conspicuous apical appendage>/

1. with a conspicuous apical appendage <e.g. Bromus>/

2. without a conspicuous apical appendage <implicit>/

#377. Ovary <of hermaphrodite florets, whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. puberulous/

3. pubescent/

4. pilose/

5. hispid/

6. silky/

#378. The hairs <ovary of hermaphrodite florets, hair distribution>/

1. over the entire ovary/

2. only at the base/

3. only at the apex/

#379. Styles <of hermaphrodite florets, number>/

#380. Styles <of hermaphrodite florets, position>/

1. apical/

2. subterminal/

#381. <Whether> styles <of hermaphrodite florets are fused>/

1. fused/

2. free to their bases/

#382. Distal incomplete florets <number of incomplete distal florets per `hermaphrodite' spikelet>/

per <hermaphrodite> spikelet/

#383. Distal incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether male or neuter>/

1. male/

2. neuter/

#384. Distal incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, specialisation>/

1. merely underdeveloped/

2. clearly specialised and modified in form/

#385. Distal incomplete florets <of hermaphrodite spikelets, whether awned>/

1. awned/

2. awnless/

#386. Distal incomplete florets <of `hermaphrodite' spikelets, whether paleate>/

1. paleate/

2. epaleate/

#387. Distal male florets with <of hermaphrodite spikelets, number of stamens>/

stamens/

#388. Fruit <adherence>/

1. adhering to lemma/

2. adhering to palea/

3. free from both lemma and palea <but may be enclosed>/

#389. Fruit <shape 3D>/

1. elliptical/

2. ovoid/

3. obovoid/

4. oblong/

5. fusiform/

#390. Fruit <plane of compression, T.S.>/

1. laterally compressed/

2. ventrally compressed <on the palea side>/

3. dorsiventrally compressed/

4. terete/

#391. Fruit <length when mature>/

mm long/

#392. Fruit <width>/

mm wide/

#393. Fruit <whether grooved in transverse section>/

1. longitudinally grooved/

2. not grooved/

3. deeply furrowed/

#394. Fruit <whether glabrous or hairy>/

1. glabrous/

2. scabrous/

3. puberulous/

4. pubescent/

5. pilose/

6. hispid/

7. silky/

#395. The hairs <fruit hairs, density of cover>/

1. dense <= trichomes closer than long>/

2. sparse <= trichomes 1x to 5x their length apart>/

3. isolated <= trichomes more than 5x their length apart>/

#396. <Fruit hairs, distribution>/

1. confined to a terminal tuft/

2. covering most of the body/

#397. Fleshy apex <presence, i.e connate base of styles>/

1. present/

2. absent/

#398. Hilum <length>/

mm long/

#399. Hilum <form>/

1. punctiform/

2. linear/

3. elliptic/

#400. Hilum <position>/

1. at the base/

2. above the base/

#401. Embryo <length>/

mm long/

#402. Embryo <whether waisted in surface view>/

1. waisted/

2. not waisted/

#403. Embryo <presence of epiblast>/

1. with an epiblast/

2. without an epiblast/

#404. Endosperm <firmness>/

1. liquid in the mature fruit/

2. hard/

3. soft/

#405. Leaf anatomical data/

1. recorded/

2. not recorded <implicit>/

#406. <Whether abaxial leaf blade epidermis shows clear> costal/intercostal zonation/

1. conspicuous/

2. inconspicuous/

#407. The intercostal zones bordering the midrib <average width>/

cells wide/

#408. Epidermis <whether exhibiting differentiated long- and short-cells>/

1. differentiated into long- and short-cells/

2. without differentiated long- and short-cells/

#409. Long-cells <whether similar in shape costally and intercostally>/

1. similar in shape costally and intercostally/

2. different in shape costally and intercostally/

#410. Long-cells <whether similar in thickness costally and intercostally>/

1. of similar wall thickness costally and intercostally/

2. differing markedly in wall thickness costally and intercostally/

#411. Microhairs <presence intercostally in abaxial leaf blade epidermis>/

1. present/

2. absent/

#412. Microhairs <of the intercostal abaxial leaf blade, distribution>/

1. in both the stomatal and non-stomatal cell files/

2. in the stomatal files only/

3. confined to the non-stomatal files/

#413. Microhairs <distribution between abaxial leaf blade intercostal long-cells>/

1. adjacent to the costal zone <between stomatal bands and the costal zones>/

2. in the middle of the intercostal zone/

#414. Microhairs <form>/

1. panicoid-type <distal cell more or less parallel-sided or tapered to the apex; usually relatively elongated, thin-walled, often collapsed or missing>/

2. chloridoid-type <distal cell inflated or more or less hemispherical, relatively short, usually thick-walled relative to the panicoid type, persistent>/

3. Enneapogon-type <long, with very long basal cell and relatively short, inflated apical cell>/

#415. Microhairs <shape>/

1. more or less spherical/

2. elongated/

#416. Microhairs <relative size of elongated microhairs>/

1. longer than the stomatal complexes/

2. about as long as the stomatal complexes/

3. shorter than the stomatal complexes/

#417. Microhairs <number of cells visible>/

1. ostensibly one-celled <usually indicative of a sunken basal cell>/

2. clearly two-celled <to become implicit>/

3. uniseriate/

#418. Microhairs <overall form when both cells are approximately the same shape>/

1. slender/

2. inflated and rounded/

#419. Microhairs <form, relative shapes of basal and distal cells>/

1. having both cells approximately the same shape <ignoring tapered apices of apical cells>/

2. with the basal cell less inflated than the distal cell <microhairs clavate>/

3. with the basal cell more inflated than the distal cell/

#420. <Microhair> distal cell/

1. blunt/

2. pointed/

#421. <Microhair> basal cell <shape at position of emergence>/

1. with a constricted base/

2. base neither constricted nor expanded/

3. with an expanded base/

#422. <Microhair> basal cell <shape>/

1. conical/

2. cupular/

3. parallel sided/

4. bulbous/

#423. Microhairs <whether with `partitioning' membranes>/

1. with `partitioning membranes'/

2. without `partitioning membranes'/

#424. The <microhair> `partitioning membranes' <location>/

1. in the basal cell/

2. in the apical cell/

#425. Microhairs <total external length measured in surface view>/

microns <m> long/

#426. Microhairs <width at the septum>/

microns <m> wide at the septum/

#427. Microhair apical cells <length>/

microns <m> long/

#428. Microhair apical cell/total length ratio <Useful approximations: 0-0.3 (apical cell markedly shorter than basal cell); 0.3-0.7 (apical cell and basal cell about equal); 0.7-1.0 (apical cell markedly longer than basal cell)>/

#429. Microhair total length/width at septum <Useful ranges: 0.5-1.5 (more or less spherical); 1.5-3 (decidedly plump); 3-8 (narrow); 8-40 (very narrow)>/

#430. Crown cells <presence>/

1. present/

2. absent/

#431. Prickles <presence in abaxial leaf blade epidermis>/

1. present/

2. absent/

#432. Prickles <distribution>/

1. intercostal/

2. costal/

3. marginal <i.e. along the margins of the leaf blade>/

#433. Prickles <orientation>/

1. antrorse <points generally directed towards the apex of the leaf, to become implicit>/

2. retrorse <points generally directed towards the base of the leaf>/

3. divaricate/

#434. Prickles <degree of variability: ignoring those on blade margins>/

1. variable in size and form/

2. fairly uniform in size and form/

#435. Prickles <when variable in size and form>/

1. of two types <hooks and prickles>/

2. of more than two types <hooks, prickles and macrohairs intergraded>/

#436. Prickle bases <association with other epidermal cells>/

1. paired with a short-cell/

2. not paired with a short-cell <solitary>/

3. associated with numerous specialized epidermal cells <usually refered to as cushion-based>/

#437. Costal prickles <distribution>/

1. along all zones/

2. along the median only/

3. along zones associated with primary vascular bundles only/

#438. Costal prickles <frequency>/

1. frequent in their files <not more than 5 cells between successive prickles of a single file>/

2. infrequent <irregularly distributed>/

#439. <Number of costal>/

prickles per field <magnification x40> in the costal zones either side of the midrib/

#440. Costal prickles <whether obscuring the intercostal zones>/

1. arching over <at least partially obscuring> the intercostal zones/

2. not <significantly> over-arching the intercostal zones/

#441. Bases of the costal prickles <size relative to length of long-cell>/

1. shorter than the width of an intercostal long-cell/

2. about as long as the width of an intercostal long-cell/

3. longer than the width of an intercostal long-cell/

#442. Barbs of the costal prickles <sizes>/

1. greatly reduced <to blunt vestiges, or the prickles umbonate>/

2. <well developed, but> shorter than the bases/

3. about as long as the bases/

4. up to twice as long as the bases/

5. more than twice as long as the bases/

#443. Intercostal prickles <distribution>/

1. adjacent to the costal zones/

2. in the stomatal files/

3. in the astomatal files/

#444. Intercostal prickles <frequency>/

1. frequent in their files <not more than 5 cells between successive prickles of a single file>/

2. infrequent <irregularly distributed>/

#445. <Number of intercostal>/

prickles per field <magnification x40> in the intercostal zones bordering the midrib/

#446. Bases of the intercostal prickles <size relative to length of long-cell>/

1. shorter than the width of an intercostal long-cell/

2. about as long as the width of an intercostal long-cell/

3. longer than the width of an intercostal long-cell/

#447. Bases of the intercostal prickles <size relative to stomatal length>/

1. shorter than the stomata/

2. about as long as the stomata/

3. longer than the stomata/

#448. Barbs of the intercostal prickles <size relative to bases>/

1. greatly reduced <small and blunt, or the prickles umbonate>/

2. well formed, but shorter than the bases/

3. about as long as the bases/

4. up to twice as long as the bases/

5. more than twice as long as the bases/

#449. Macrohairs <usually more than one-celled, limb parallel-sided, walls usually unlignified>/

1. present/

2. absent/

#450. Macrohairs <distribution>/

1. costal/

2. intercostal/

3. marginal/

#451. Macrohairs <intergrading>/

1. intergraded with long prickles <observations are then recorded under prickles as well as under macrohairs>/

2. readily distinguishable from prickles/

#452. Macrohairs <form>/

1. unicellular/

2. multicellular <partitioned>/

#453. Macrohairs <form>/

1. lax <i.e. flexible, often bent or twisted>/

2. robust <rigid and straight>/

#454. Macrohairs <form>/

1. with thickened walls/

2. with thin walls/

#455. Macrohairs <occurrence>/

1. dense <i.e. so as to obscure other epidermal features>/

2. sparse but frequent/

3. infrequent and irregularly dispersed/

#456. Macrohairs <length>/

1. twice as long as an intercostal long-cell/

2. more than twice as long as an intercostal long-cell/

#457. Macrohair bases <form>/

1. one-celled/

2. two-celled/

3. associated with a rosette of <several to many> specialized cells <including `cushion-based' hairs>/

#458. Macrohair bases <insertion>/

1. attached at cuticle only <i.e. superficial>/

2. sunken between adjacent epidermal cells <often associated with a cushion of epidermal cells>/

#459. Macrohair bases <variation of mode of insertion>/

1. uniform in mode of insertion/

2. variable in mode of insertion/

#460. Intercostal long-cells <whether variable in shape>/

1. variable in shape/

2. fairly constant in shape/

#461. Intercostal long-cells <when varying in shape>/

1. varying in shape within single files/

2. varying in shape in different areas of the preparation <e.g. midrib versus margin>/

3. varying in shape within a single intercostal zone <e.g. hexagonal centrally and rectangular laterally>/

#462. Mid-intercostal long-cells <relative length>/

1. markedly elongated <length 3x or more longer than wide>/

2. somewhat elongated <less than 3x longer than wide>/

3. equidimensional/

#463. Mid-intercostal long-cells <shape>/

1. rectangular/

2. fusiform <narrowed at ends>/

#464. Mid-intercostal long-cells <shape of fusiform long cells>/

1. hexagonal <anticlinal horizontal long walls angled outwards>/

2. inflated <anticlinal horizontal long walls bowed outwards>/

#465. Mid-intercostal long-cell walls <whether anticlinal horizontal long cell walls straight or sinuous in (outer) optical section>/

1. straight/

2. slightly undulating/

3. moderately undulating <or sinuous>/

4. tessellate/

#466. The undulations <of the sinuate mid-intercostal long-cell walls>/

1. regular/

2. irregular/

#467. <Mid-intercostal long-cell> end walls/

1. vertical <at right angles to the horizontal walls>/

2. angled <relative to the horizontal walls>/

3. rounded <i.e. cells of the inflated type>/

4. interlocking/

#468. <The undulations of> the <sinuate> intercostal long-cell walls <whether pitted>/

1. associated with conspicuous pitting/

2. not conspicuously pitted/

#469. Outer surfaces of intercostal long-cells <whether pitted>/

1. <conspicuously> pitted/

2. not <conspicuously> pitted <to become implicit>/

#470. The outer-surface pits <ornamentation>/

1. ornamented <e.g. coronate-papillate>/

2. unornamented/

#471. <Abaxial epidermal> papillae <general location>/

1. present costally and intercostally/

2. present costally only/

3. present intercostally only/

4. absent/

#472. Costal papillae <distribution>/

1. on the long-cells/

2. on the short-cells/

#473. Costal papillae <frequency>/

1. frequent <more than 50% of cells papillate>/

2. infrequent <less than 50% of cells papillate>/

#474. Intercostal papillae <distribution>/

1. on the interstomatals/

2. in the zones between the files of stomata <astomatal>/

#475. Intercostal papillae <locations>/

1. on the long-cells/

2. on the short-cells/

3. on the stomatal subsidiaries/

#476. Intercostal long-cell papillae <frequency>/

1. frequent <more than 50% of the cells papillate>/

2. infrequent <less than 50% of the cells papillate>/

#477. Intercostal long-cell papillae <relative size>/

1. large <diameter more than half the vertical width of the long-cells>/

2. small <diameter less than half the vertical width of the long-cells>/

#478. Intercostal long-cell papillae <form, arrangement>/

1. consisting of one large oblique swelling per cell <most of the outer wall of the long-cell convex and inflated, often overarching neighbouring cells from adjacent files of long-cells>/

2. consisting of one symmetrical <globose, conical or finger-like> projection per cell <often over-arching neighbouring cells from the same file of long-cells>/

3. several per cell/

4. many per cell/

#479. Intercostal long-cell papillae <form, arrangement of multiple papillae>/

1. all of similar size and shape on an individual cell/

2. present in differing shapes and sizes on an individual cell/

#480. Intercostal long-cell papillae <form>/

1. thick-walled/

2. thin-walled/

#481. The multi-papillate long-cells <form of the papillae>/

1. with a single horizontal row of papillae/

2. with two horizontal rows of papillae/

3. with several horizontal rows of papillae/

4. with irregularly arranged papillae/

#482. The multi-papillate long-cells <vertical alignment of papillae>/

1. with rows of papillae aligned vertically/

2. without vertically aligned rows of papillae <to become implicit>/

#483. The costal zones <whether all similar>/

1. all <fairly> histologically similar/

2. markedly variable in histological constitution <specify>/

#484. Costal short-cells <abaxial, arrangement of short-cells; prickles, hair bases not counted as short-cells>/

1. conspicuously in long rows <of five or more cells>/

2. predominantly as cork/silica cell pairs/

3. solitary <occasionally interspersed in the files of long-cells>/

4. occurring sporadically in the files of long-cells as mixtures of solitaries, pairs or short rows/

5. absent/

#485. Costal cork-cells <of the cork/silica-cell pairs, shape>/

1. similar in shape to the silica cells/

2. differing in shape from the silica cells <comment how>/

#486. Costal cork-cells <shape in cork/silica cell pairs>/

1. tall-and-narrow/

2. crescentic <enfolding the silica cell>/

3. square/

4. elongated-rectangular/

5. round or elliptical/

#487. Longitudinal width of costal cork-cell/silica-cell pairs <i.e. width along the lamina>/

<microns> m/

#488. Costal silica bodies <presence>/

1. present and perfectly developed/

2. present but imperfectly developed/

3. absent <not seen>/

#489. Costal silica bodies <distribution>/

1. throughout the costal zones/

2. confined to the outer edges of costal zones/

3. confined to the central files of the costal zones/

#490. Costal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, shape - those of zoneless epidermes also recorded here>/

1. horizontal-crenate <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

2. horizontal-sinuous <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

3. horizontal-smooth <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

4. horizontal-nodular <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

5. cross-shaped/

6. butterfly-shaped/

7. acutely angled <`Isachne'-type>/

8. horizontal dumb-bells/

9. vertical dumb-bells/

10. saddle-shaped/

11. more or less round <including round, ovoid and potato-shaped>/

12. cuboid/

13. cubical/

14. tall-and-narrow-smooth/

15. tall-and-narrow-crenate/

16. crescentic <kidney-shaped>/

#491. The dumb-bells <silica bodies, end shapes>/

1. with rounded ends/

2. with flattened ends/

3. with indented ends/

4. with sharp points/

#492. The isthmuses of the dumb-bells <length>/

1. short <shorter than the expanded ends>/

2. about as long as the expanded ends/

3. long <longer than the expanded ends>/

#493. The isthmuses of the dumb-bells <width>/

1. wide/

2. narrow/

#494. Intercostal short-cells <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, presence/abundance; prickles and hair bases not regarded as short-cells>/

1. common <the long-cell files regularly interrupted>/

2. infrequent <the long-cell files irregularly interrupted>/

3. absent/

#495. Intercostal short-cells <locations>/

1. throughout the intercostal zones/

2. confined to the outer regions of the intercostal zones/

3. mid-intercostal only/

#496. Intercostal short-cells <arrangement>/

1. solitary <note that some short-cells recorded as `solitary' probably represent superposed pairs>/

2. paired/

#497. Longitudinal width of intercostal cork-cell/silica-cell pairs <i.e. width along the lamina>/

<microns> m/

#498. Unsilicified intercostal short-cells <shape, solitary only>/

1. tall-and-narrow/

2. square/

3. round or elliptical/

4. crescentic/

#499. <Unsilicified intercostal short-cell> walls/

1. straight/

2. sinuous/

#500. Intercostal cork-cells <shape in cork/silica cell pairs>/

1. tall-and-narrow/

2. crescentic <enfolding the silica cell>/

3. square/

4. elongated-rectangular/

5. round or elliptical/

#501. Intercostal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, presence>/

1. present and conspicuous <perfectly developed>/

2. imperfectly developed/

3. absent <not seen>/

#502. Intercostal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, shape- those of epidermes lacking zonation treated as costal>/

1. horizontal-crenate <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

2. horizontal-sinuous <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

3. horizontal-smooth <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

4. horizontal-nodular <i.e. horizontally elongated>/

5. cross-shaped/

6. butterfly-shaped/

7. acutely angled/

8. horizontal dumb-bells/

9. vertical dumb-bells/

10. saddle-shaped/

11. more or less round <including round, ovoid and potato-shaped>/

12. cuboid/

13. cubical/

14. tall and narrow-smooth/

15. tall-and-narrow-crenate/

16. crescentic <kidney-shaped>/

#503. Stomata <abaxial leaf blade, presence>/

1. common/

2. infrequent <scattered>/

3. absent/

#504. Stomata <whether present in all the intercostal zones>/

1. present in all the intercostal zones/

2. absent from some intercostal zones/

#505. Stomata <distribution>/

1. distributed throughout the intercostal zones/

2. restricted in distribution within intercostal zones <specify how>/

#506. Stomata <abaxial leaf blade,arrangement of the rows of stomata in the intercostal zone>/

1. arranged in definite rows/

2. not in definite rows, but present throughout the intercostal zones/

#507. Stomatal rows in the widest intercostal zones <number>/

#508. Stomatal rows in the widest intercostal zones <position>/

1. in the mid-regions/

2. bordering the costae <restricted to the margins of the intercostal zones>/

3. evenly dispersed/

#509. <Comments on stomatal disposition>/

#510. Stomata <abaxial leaf blade, whether over-arched by papillae (at least at one end)>/

1. over-arched by papillae from the laterally adjacent intercostal long cells <i.e. overarched from cells in an adjacent file>/

2. overarched by papillae from the adjoining interstomatals <i.e. overarched from neighbouring cells of the same file>/

3. overarched by papillae from the subsidiaries/

4. not over-arched by papillae/

#511. Stomata <abaxial leaf blade, end to end guard cell length>/

<microns> m long/

#512. Stomata <abaxial leaf blade, guard-cells overlapped or overlapping (Watson & Johnston 1978: Aust. J. Bot. 26)>/

1. with guard-cells overlapped by the interstomatals/

2. having guard-cells flush with the interstomatals/

3. having guard-cells overlapping the interstomatals/

#513. Subsidiaries <abaxial leaf blade, shape of subsidiary cells>/

1. triangular/

2. dome-shaped/

3. parallel-sided <stomatal complex long and narrow>/

#514. The triangles <triangular subsidiary cell shape>/

1. long and broadly angular <low triangular>/

2. wide and markedly angular <high triangular, apex not evaginated, stomatal complex diamond-shaped>/

3. wide and markedly angular with evaginated apices/

#515. The <subsidiary cell> triangles <whether truncated>/

1. with non-truncated apices/

2. with truncated apices/

#516. The domes <shape of dome-shaped subsidiary cells>/

1. low <complexes ovoid, vertical width of subsidiary cells smaller in relation to the horizontal length>/

2. of medium height <complexes more or less round>/

3. tall <relatively high, the complexes vertically elongated>/

#517. <Maximum cells-distant count; indicating photosynthetic pathway; see Hattersley & Watson 1975: Phytomorphology 25>/

1. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of one, reliably predicting> C4/

2. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of two or more, reliably predicting> C3/

#518. The <C4> anatomical organization <of the leaf blade, whether conventional>/

1. conventional <implicit>/

2. unconventional/

#519. Organization of PCR tissue <of the leaf blade, when unconventional>/

1. Triodia type <with the PCR cells forming a layer draping (at least in places) from one bundle to the next, rather than constituting discrete bundle sheaths>/

2. Alloteropsis type <with two bundle sheaths, the inner being PCR>/

3. Aristida type <the PCR cells constituting a double bundle sheath>/

4. Arundinella type <with single PCR files or groups in the mesophyll, in addition to the conventional PCR sheath>/

#520. <C4> biochemical type <as determined by enzyme assay: data from Hatch & Kagawa 1974, Gutierrez et al. 1974(a) and 1974(b), Hatch, Kagawa & Craig 1975, and Prendergast, Hattersley & Stone 1987>/

1. PCK/

2. NAD-ME/

3. NADP-ME/

#521. <XyMS of the leaf blade: reliably indicative of C4 type (Hattersley & Watson 1976: Aust. J. Bot. 24 (N.B., ascertainable from major vascular bundles only)>/

1. XyMS+ <C3, or C4 type PCK or NAD-ME (exceptions: Eriachneae)>/

2. XyMS- <C4 type NADP-ME>/

#522. PCR sheath outlines <in leaf blades of C4 forms> <data extensively from Ellis 1977, and Prendergast & Hattersley 1987>/

1. even/

2. uneven/

#523. PCR sheath extensions <presence in leaf blades> <data mainly from Prendergast 1987>/

1. present <in at least some veins>/

2. absent/

#524. Maximum number of <PCR sheath> extension cells in leaf blades <data mainly from Prendergast 1987>/

#525. PCR cells <in leaf blades of C4 forms, presence of a suberised lamella> <cf. Hattersley & Browning 1981>/

1. with a suberised lamella/

2. without a suberised lamella/

#526. PCR cell chloroplasts <in leaf blades of C4 forms, shape> <data from Prendergast 1987, Prendergast, Hattersley & Stone 1987>/

1. ovoid/

2. elongated/

#527. PCR cell chloroplasts <in leaf blades of C4 forms, whether granal. See Gutierrez et al. (1974), Carolin et al. (1973), Hattersley & Browning (1981)>/

1. with well developed grana/

2. with reduced grana/

#528. PCR cell chloroplasts <position in leaf blades. Data extensively from Ellis 1977, Brown 1960, Prendergast & Hattersley 1987>/

1. centrifugal/peripheral <generally but not universally indicative of NADP-ME or PCK>/

2. centripetal <NAD-ME>/

#529. PBS cells <in leaf blades of C3 forms>/

1. with a suberised lamella/

2. without a suberised lamella/

#530. The PCR sheaths of the primary lateral vascular bundles <whether interrupted>/

1. complete/

2. interrupted/

#531. The PBS sheaths of the primary lateral vascular bundles <i.e. the outer sheaths of C3 species, whether interrrupted>/

1. complete/

2. interrupted/

#532. Mestome sheath <of primary lateral vascular bundles>/

1. single/

2. double/

#533. Mestome sheath <of the primary lateral vascular bundles, whether interrupted>/

1. complete/

2. interrupted/

#534. Leaf blade chlorophyll a:b ratio <data from Prendergast 1987>/

#535. Lamina mid-zone in transverse section/

1. open <exhibits infolding or inrolling only under conditions of water stress, implicit>/

2. infolded permanently <involving altered internal structure ; includes `acicular', setaceous, filiform and `junciform' types>/

3. terete <involves `acicular' and `junciform' types>/

#536. Lamina mid-zone in transverse section <outline of open leaves>/

1. more or less flat/

2. undulating/

3. pleated/

4. V-shaped <carinate>/

5. U-shaped <canaliculate>/

6. rolled/

#537. Lamina mid-zone in transverse section <nature of rolling of open leaves>/

1. convolute <inrolled from one margin only>/

2. involute <inrolled from both margins>/

3. revolute/

#538. Leaf blades <whether the mid-lamina region consists largely of midrib>/

1. <mainly> consisting of <reasonably interpretable as> midrib/

2. "conventional" <rather than consisting (largely) of midrib> <implicit>/

#539. Width of lamina across a primary vascular bundle/

<microns> m/

#540. Lamina mid-zone in transverse section <outline of adaxial surface of permanently infolded leaves>/

1. V-shaped/

2. U-shaped/

3. circular <disregarding adaxial channel>/

4. triangular <base broad on either side of median bundle>/

#541. Adaxial channel <of lamina, in transverse sections of permanently infolded leaves>/

1. parallel-sided, with a digitate base/

2. irregular <furrowed>/

3. rounded/

4. triangular/

5. reduced to a small groove/

6. absent <the blade terete>/

#542. Lamina mid-zone in transverse section <outline, excluding midrib and keel>/

1. exhibiting adaxial ribs only/

2. exhibiting abaxial ribs only/

3. with ribs both adaxially and abaxially/

4. without <definite> ribs adaxially or abaxially/

#543. The adaxial and abaxial ribs <relative positions>/

1. opposite one another <the section outline `nodular' or `moniliform'>/

2. alternating with one another/

#544. Adaxial furrows <depth, in transverse mid-lamina sections>/

1. slight <less than half the maximum lamina thickness>/

2. deep <more than half the maximum lamina thickness>/

#545. Adaxial furrows <shape, in transverse mid-lamina sections>/

1. wide/

2. narrow/

#546. Wavelength <of undulations, measured across a primary vascular bundle>/

<microns> m/

#547. Amplitude <of wave, measured through furrows either side of a primary vascular bundle>/

<microns> m/

#548. <Ratio of> depth of adaxial furrow/width of lamina <across a rib associated with a primary vascular bundle>/

#549. Adaxial furrows <distribution, in transverse mid-lamina sections>/

1. between all the vascular bundles/

2. between the major vascular bundles only/

3. on either side of the midrib only/

4. opposite minor vascular bundles/

5. opposite major vascular bundles/

#550. Adaxial ribs <in mid-laminar transverse sections, excluding midrib: relative sizes>/

1. more or less constant in size/

2. irregular in size <i.e. of two or more size orders; ignore the mid-rib>/

#551. Adaxial ribs <in mid-laminar transverse sections, shape>/

1. round topped/

2. flat-topped <square>/

3. with pointed tops/

4. grooved at apex/

#552. Adaxial ribs <distribution>/

1. opposite all vascular bundles/

2. opposite major vascular bundles only/

3. opposite minor vascular bundles/

4. opposite the midrib only/

5. between the vascular bundles/

#553. Vascular bundles in the mid-lamina <number>/

#554. Vascular bundles <per rib> in the mid-lamina/

per rib/

#555. Abaxial furrows <presence in mid-lamina transverse sections>/

1. present opposite larger vascular bundles/

2. present opposite smaller vascular bundles/

3. present between the vascular bundles <often shallow>/

4. present on either side of the midrib only/

5. absent <surface smooth, or with undulations not noticeably asssociated with the vascular bundles>/

#556. Abaxial ribs <position in mid-lamina transverse sections; excluding the midrib>/

1. opposite all the vascular bundles/

2. opposite major vascular bundles only/

#557. Abaxial ribs <size in mid-lamina transverse sections>/

1. taller than the adaxial ribs/

2. similar in size to the adaxial ribs/

3. smaller than adaxial ribs/

#558. Midrib <prominence of outline in the lamina mid-zone in transverse section>/

1. pronounced in outline/

2. not pronounced in outline/

#559. Midrib <whether detectable towards the base of the lamina>/

1. detectable towards the base of the lamina/

2. not detectable even towards the base of the lamina/

#560. Midrib <in the mid-lamina, shape adaxially>/

1. adaxially raised and rounded/

2. adaxially raised and pointed/

3. not adaxially prominent/

#561. Midrib <when adaxially prominent, number of ridges>/

ridged adaxially/

#562. Midrib <abaxial prominence>/

1. prominent abaxially/

2. not prominent abaxially/

#563. Midrib <number of abaxial keels>/

keeled abaxially/

#564. <Description of the midrib>/

#565. <Description of midrib sclerenchyma>/

#566. Midrib <whether with a distinctive tissue layout>/

1. with a distinctive tissue layout <easilly differentiated from that of other primary vascular bundles>/

2. tissue layout similar to that of other primary vascular bundles/

#567. Vascular bundles in the mid-lamina region of the midrib <number>/

#568. Vascular bundles in the mid-lamina region of the midrib <when multiple, arrangement>/

1. in a conventional arc/

2. forming a `complex'/

#569. Vascular bundles in the mid-lamina region of the midrib <sizes>/

1. of equal size/

2. of unequal sizes/

#570. The median vascular bundle <presence of a protoxylem cavity>/

1. with a protoxylem cavity/

2. without a protoxylem cavity/

#571. The median vascular bundle <presence of an enlarged protoxylem vessel>/

1. with an enlarged protoxylem vessel/

2. without an enlarged protoxylem vessel/

#572. The median vascular bundle <presence of sclerosed phloem>/

1. with sclerosed phloem/

2. without sclerosed phloem/

#573. Midrib <in the mid-lamina region, whether with colourless cells adaxially>/

1. with colourless tissue adaxially/

2. without <conspicuous> colourless tissue adaxially/

#574. The c